Alfred Adlers individual psychology

Alfred Adlers individual psychology Major Principles of the Theory In his work of developing classical Adlerian psychology, Adler emphasized seven major principles which include; utility of the individual. According to this principle things like feeling, thinking, behaviors and emotions can only be understood well if considered as being subordinates of one’s lifestyle. â€Å"People are neither divided internally nor battleground of forces that conflict each other but every concept of individuality heads in the same direction† (Shultz, Shultz, 2009: 97).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alfred Adlers individual psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principle of goal holds that â€Å"there exist a single dynamic of personality originating from growth as well as forward motion of life by itself† (Slavik King, 2007). This personality is named future oriented, always striving to achieving an objective which is import ant, successful or even much powerful. Putting this aspect in mental health, it can be realized that the objective is real for social significance or superiority as compared to the general difficulties. Now putting the concept in mental disorder, Dreikurs stated that; [It is unrealistic goal of exaggerated significance or superiority over others. Early childhood feeling of inferiority in which one aim to compensate leads to the creation of a fictional final goal which subjectively seems to promise future security and success] (Dreikurs, 1935:72). It explains that, the real meaning of feelings that are inferior is one that controls the level at which the goal wants to attain in the long run becomes the route upon which behavior patterns follows. When explaining the principle of self-determination along with uniqueness, Adler emphasized that there are factors which influence goals and such factors may include, hereditary as well as cultural factors. However, the goal at the end origin ates from the individual’s creative powers which ultimately make it much unique. In most cases people do not understand or even don’t know what their goals are. Another principle is social context that holds â€Å"As an indivisible whole, a system, the human being is also a part of larger wholes or systems the family, the community, all of humanity, our planet and the cosmos† (Shultz, Shultz, 2009: 212). By looking at it in this perspective then there are three tasks of life namely; love, sex and occupation. However in the process of accomplishing these tasks, life is faced with a social challenge which entails the process of relating with others. The ways through which people respond to their first social systems, the constellation of families, in one way or the other might end up being the prototype of their world perspective as well as their life attitude (Slavik King, 2007). Community’s feeling forms the fifth principle and holds that;Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More [Everybody has the capacity for learning to live in harmony with the society. This forms innate potential for social connectedness which develops consciously. Social interests and feelings imply ‘social improvement,’ different from conformity and leaving space for social innovation through cultural resistance] (Shelley King, 2008:97). Mental Health principle states that â€Å"feelings of human connectedness and a willingness to develop oneself fully and contribute to the welfare of others are the main criteria of mental health†, (Dreikurs, 1935:45). In case such qualities have not yet developed fully there are higher chances of inferiority feelings haunting an individual. In other words there exists the likelihood of superiority attitude antagonizing others. As a result the fictional objective that is unconscious might end u p becoming self-centered as well as being emotionally explosive towards other people. In case the connectednesses along with the willingness of making contribution are much stronger then, there exists the likelihood of equality. As an effect the person’s objective will be self transcending and of much importance to others. Treatment forms the last principle; it explains that people have to overcome their insecurity feelings by developing real connectedness feelings, apart from ensuring that their significance striving is directed and socially fruitful. By the use of a Socratic kind of communication that can be considered as being respectful, people are in one way or the other given a task of correcting assumptions, behaviors, attitudes as well as feelings that are mistaken about themselves and the entire world. It is true that encouraging people constantly ends up stimulating people to try what they previously perceived as being impossible. Differences between Gender and cult ure In his presentations, he discussed that masculine is the term that relates to the opinion men showing empathy, sympathy and teamwork. On the other hand we have feminine characters which are considered as being less manly as compared to those individuals exhibiting masculine characters, which include high competition, very ambitious as well as very aggressive. For such men to reject their natural muscularity it is a must for them to make what Adler termed as neurotic compensation. Moreover, Adler felt that in the same way women having a desire of going beyond the so-called â€Å"gender definitions of a male dominated kind of society, have to undergo similar protests† (Stein, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alfred Adlers individual psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Adler’s individual psychology, culture as well as its definition of gender duties is the main fact or in the development of neurosis. In most cases men under value women in those cultures that men dominate as a result their contributions and attributes affecting feminism are awarded much less values as compared to those attributed to masculine contributions. Looking at who differentiated cultures, it is true that things like lying are prominent in cultures that stress human relations while much less in societies that stresses on rules. One can say that individuals in cultures that stress human relations have higher chances of lying with the aim of protecting their relations, while those in cultures that that puts more emphasize on rules have few chances of lying as they need to follow the rules. At this point Adler â€Å"differentiates between cultures that are universally oriented (all rules apply to everyone) and particularly oriented; the nature of the relationship determines how someone will act in a particular situation† (Fiebert, 1997). Personality Development The th eory presents a comprehensive explanation of how personality develops. This is based on the fact that, the theory starts by giving an explanation of the environment in which a child is born. He describes it clearly as a world full of inferiority hence; the child starts as a weak and helpless individual. However, latter on the child learns how to overcome such deficiency by striving to become much superior as compared to those around him/her. Just like other psychologists, he calls this ‘striving for superiority’ which is perceived as being the force that drives all human minds, behavior patterns as well as emotions. Individuals with a stronger desire to be powerful, re-known business people or celebrated writers more often than note overcome their weaknesses thanks to a strong desire of doing so. However according to Adler such excessive inferiority feelings might also result to opposite impacts as well. He states that â€Å"As it becomes overwhelming and without the n eeded successes, we can develop an inferiority complex† (Slavik, King, 2007: 25). Such beliefs might leave individuals with a feeling that is incredibly much unimportant and deserving as compared to others; weak, without hope and motivation for superiority to strive which makes people complete.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory asserts that people in childhood are predisposed significantly by those around them which form the basis of personality developing as well as the ways through which they will interact with others around them. It is true that human beings have their own abilities of making their own choices and set their own future goals. This is what Alder calls striving towards a specified objective, upon which patterns of their behaviors and how they interpret things. The decisions which people make concerning their personalities at early stages of child development will always affect their personalities in future. The theory also explains the effects of parenting styles on personality development. There are two parenting styles that Adler in his theory identifies as having negative effects on child’s personality development in future. One of them is pampering style of parenting; this is a situation where parents overprotect their children. This entails provision of too much atte ntion as well as sheltering the child from negative realities of life. By the time the child attains adulthood, he/she will not have equipped himself/herself well in a manner that will allow him/her to deal with such life realities. As a result children who have undergone such parenting will always doubt their capabilities, decisions and skills. Such people will always be seeking others to replace the kind of safety that they used to enjoy by the time they were young. Another type of parenting identified by Adler in his Individual Psychology is neglect parenting. Shultz Shultz (2004:63) Stated that, [A neglected child is not protected at all from the world and is forced to face lifes struggles alone. This child may grow up to fear the world, have a strong sense of mistrust for others and she/he may have a difficult time forming intimate relationships] Apart from identifying parenting styles that might have negative impacts on the child’s personality development the, theory i dentifies the best parenting style as one which protects children from all evils in the society, but not sheltering children from such evils. This means that children would grow better when they see what is happening in the society. For instance it is not good for parents just to move directly to the school principals in case their children are being bullied in school but it will hold more water if such a child is taught ways of responding to such practices or even means of taking care while in school. Order of birth is another factor affecting personality development. The theory states that â€Å"the order in which you are born to a family inherently affects your personality. First born children who later have younger siblings may have it the worst† (Nadine Bruszewski, 2010: 34). This is based on the fact that firstborns usually receive much attention and pampering type of parenting till the day that a little brother or sister will be born. As a result they feel inferior he nce questioning their significance in the society, some try desperately to regain back the lost attention (Stein, 2008). The middle born are seen by Alder as individuals who never receive pampering and much attention. This explains the reasons as to why middle born children always strive to become superior to their elder ones. This is because they always have a very high superiority need. Just like their firstborns, lastborns experiences personality problems in adulthood. This is based on the fact that, as a child who has grown up knowing that he has very little powers in a family, he sees older ones as individuals with lots of freedom and much superior. Apart from that he also receives pampering and lots of protection from parents, elder brothers and sisters. This at the end makes him think that there is no way he can take any responsibility alone, hence always inferior to others. Changes in Personality over the Lifespan Adler’s individual psychology explains that personalit y changes shows growth as well as well as forward movement of life. At childhood individuals â€Å"start their lives smaller, weaker, and less socially and intellectually competent than the adults around them† (Hoffman, 1994). However they always have a desire of growing up to become adults with various capabilities. Such kids then acquire skills in a gradual manner to later demonstrate their competence. In addition, people get to gain confidence along with self esteem as they continue growing up. However, this force of natural strive might be held back in case personal picture has undergone degradation as a result of intellectual, physical and social development failures. Apart from failures such individuals might suffer from criticisms coming from parents, peers and teachers. In case individuals are moving on well, they also start feeling competent hence can afford thinking about others. In case the movement is not right, meaning that life is getting the best good of indivi duals, then the opposite is true, as more attention will be about oneself. This might make individuals feel what Adler called inferiority complex. â€Å"This scenario makes them â€Å"shy and timid, insecure, indecisive, cowardly, submissive, compliant, and so on† (Boeree, George, 1997). People experiencing inferiority complex lacks what Adler refers to as social interests. This factor makes them to be egocentric; as they will always focus on themselves along with everything they perceive being their deficiencies. These individuals strive with the desire to improve their knowledge and skills. When individuals start developing fictional goals they then start pulling themselves up as a result of their bootstraps. Apart from serving as the significant reason of orienting people in the world, it also acts as a compensatory defense which has the ability of creating positive feelings in the current feelings with the aim of eliminating inferiority feelings (Stein, 2008:152). Peopl e attaining this stage ends up, developing what Adler calls superiority complex. This behavior entails covering inferiority complex by acting in a manner that shows that such people are superior. Basically, from birth to death people strive with the aim of overcoming, expanding, growing, completing and looking for security. Individual Psychology in the Modern World This theory fits well in the modern society as it is still the model of personality; the foundation of methods used in the development of minds, as well as personal growth. It is true that in the current society, everyone is still a representative of what Adler called â€Å"a unity of personality and the individual then fashions that unity (Stein, 2008). In addition the theory has enabled practitioners to a wide variety of techniques like art and drama therapies, which have proved much effective in the process of relieving sufferings as well as promoting positive change along with empowerment. Looking at it from mind dev elopment perspective, stresses on social interactions and contributions has remained to be the most significant but constant factor. This is because the higher the social interests, the lesser the inferiority feelings that an individual might have (Rocky Libby, 2010). It should be realized that till now lifestyle formulation as well as consistent usage of collected data with the aim of demonstrating individuals to themselves, is a unique technique that was copied from Adler’s individual psychology theory and till now it has been preserved. As a result this has been effective in the process of interpreting individual’s behaviors and teaching life philosophy. Apart from that it has been of help in the process of prodding people into actions. It has also gained much application in the development of minds. Looking at the issue of holism which was proposed by South African Philosopher known as Smut, which was latter taken to heart by Adler, it has been of great significan ce in viewing an individual as whole other than seeing him as parts. Additionally he changed the idea of individual’s personality to style of life, which the modern world is calling lifestyle. This alteration holds more water in the current society as it means the way people life, deal with conflicting issues and their relation with each other. Things of the past have lost meaning in the present society since people no longer determine their future based on the past experiences. In the modern society it is not a must that if c and d happened then y and z must happen. However the modern society has copied Adler’s principle that motivation entails moving towards the future which is in line with Adler’s individual personality. The current society doesn’t depend on the past to drive their future (Hoffman, 1994). References Boeree, C. George, G. (1997). Alfred Adler. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology.6 (5), 245-256. Dreikurs, R.  (1935). An Introduction to Individual Psychology. London: Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner Co.Ltd. Fiebert, M. (1997). In and out of Freuds shadow: A chronology of Adlers relationship with Freud. Individual Psychology, 53(3), 241-269. Hoffman, E. (1994). The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology. 5(3), 54-73. Nadine E. Bruszewski, V. (2010). Applying individual psychology to a Universitys sustainability initiative. Individual Psychology, 64(3), 241-269. Rocky, G. Libby, L. (2010). Individual psychology and individual differences in psycho-physiology. The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research, and Practice, 63(3), 2-17. Shelley, C. King, R. (2008). Community feeling and social interest: Adlerian parallels, synergy, and differences with the field of community psychology. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 18(1), 96-107. Shultz, D. Shultz, S. (2009). Theories of personality. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Slav ik, S. King, R. (2007). Adlerian therapeutic strategy. The Canadian Journal of Adlerian Psychology, 37(1), 3-16. Stein, T. (2008). Adlers legacy: Past, present and future. Journal of Individual Psychology, 64 (1), 4–20.

Film & Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film & Society - Essay Example The aspect offers an excellent lesson that an individual’s fear over particular things in them or their fear over change may project onto other things that may result to the development of very ugly social situations. The aspect helped me to understand that a healthy social life is solely dependent on my readiness to accept change so as to accommodate other people with their social aspects. Fear of change, however, only results to adverse social implications (Grainge 45). The twelve angry men film involves an eighteen year old Hispanic boy whose origin was in a slum on a trial. He was facing allegations of having stabbed his father to death. The twelve jurors happen to be the film’s protagonist. They were involved into a very long discussion in trying to make a verdict whether the boy was guilty or not with jurors shifting from one stand to another depending on rising facts as the discussion continued. Finally, all the jurors except the juror three came to a consensus that the boy was not guilty (Rose 45). After the juror three had given many arguments, he ended up making a remark that rotten kids they should work their life. The remark revealed that he had a poor relationship with his son, and that was his main reason for him pushing for the boy to be regarded as guilty. The aspect also creates an impression of how fear of change and lack of understanding may cause adverse social implications. However, he finally lost his temper and broke down to cry and changed his vote to not guilty (Rose 87). In the movie the smoke signals, the movie’s protagonists Thomas and victor are revealed to have been brought up by victor’s father, Arnold. Thomas being rescued by Arnold from a fire that killed his parents considered victor’s father as a hero while Thomas endures his father’s domestic violence, child abandonment and alcoholism. He, therefore, regards his father bitter resentment

Training Intervention in Podiatry Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Training Intervention in Podiatry - Dissertation Example This survey comprises twelve questions for each of the three categories, Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic, totaling 36. The participants will take a short period responding to these questions by indicating against each question the numbers 1 through 5 that best describes the individual. After that, they are to total their results to identify their best learning style. Nonetheless, the session will involve a mixture of the learning methods. Introduction The human resource department in a given business organization is often concerned with ‘the recruitment, performance evaluation, compensation, benefits, and career development of the employees’ (Duggan, 2012). There is a strong relationship between personnel training and development carried out by the human resource department and the achievement of the objectives of a business organization. ... As a business organization, one of the main objectives is the provision of quality services to our clients in order to attract and retain more customers. This will ensure our sustainable development. A training intervention of this nature is usually concerned with an improvement in the performance, conduct, or the behavior of the employees. Such a workshop becomes necessary because there is often a gap between what is known and recommended as the right practice and the actual practice at the workplace (Duggan, 2012). The needs of the clients to the may not be met fully by the practices our professionals. The clients have stronger bargaining power in this context since the cost of shifting to other service providers is often low, in case they choose to do so following dissatisfaction. The net effects are detrimental to our continued operations. Target group This intervention will focus on the improvement of our performance and the behavior of employees. In this regard, the training in tervention targets newly recruited employees of the organization. The receptionists/front office operators and other clerical officers are the main targeted audience for this intervention. Purpose of the workshop The organization has the vision of being the leader and pioneer in the effective management of foot related infection in the region. We have always struggled to be charming host at every event, attracting suitors from all vertices of the polygon. This has often been enhanced through an effective organizational culture. The employees of the organization need to understand and adopt the cultural values and norms. The office etiquette, dressing code, as well as abiding by other rules like time of reporting on duty are essential tools in the effective delivery of services in a

Developments in the Last Century Essay Example for Free

Developments in the Last Century Essay In detail this paper will show how the media played an important role in the culture today. It will answer the questions What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media in the last century? It will also ask How did each development influence American culture? And What is ment by the term media convergence and how it affected everyday life? How we conceive mass media comes in different ways such as: television (24 -hour news channels,) (hoarders to fashion models,) (music videos, nature documentaries, and reality shows). With videos on demand provided by the local cable company plus online streaming or down loading. Media literacy on one hand, is the growth of the internet as the primary information source exposes the public to increased levels of text, thereby increasing the level of literacy. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media in the last century? The three major developments in the last century were (print, electrical, and digital). In terms of print media books are durable and contain a large amount of information. Books are expensive to produce. As for newspapers they are cheaper and can be made quickly. In the 1800 hundreds the newspaper faced a new threat called penny press. These papers were cheaper than the regular newspapers. The penny press also printed more of murder and scandal rather than of the political news of the day. Another form of mass media is the radio. Radio was not that expensive less than television and more available. Radio gave the people the opportunity to listen to a live event at the same time. Specifically the radio was made for advertising. Radio accessed a large audience. Radio also made listening in the privacy of ones own home to be pleasure seeking and curious. With radio one can listen to a story and imagine in ones own head how the story plays out, thus creating imagination. Television is another form of mass media. The television was invented in 1923. Broadcast television was the most dominant form of mass media. By 1946 more than 17,000 televisions existed. There were at the time only three major networks, they controlled more than 90% of the news programs. By the 1960s television televised the conflict of the Vietnam war. The telegraph is part of the mass media seen also. Any part of information received via radio, television, newspaper, and Internet have been considered to be mass media. In todays society more people tend to receive their news and other information via the Internet. How did each development influence American culture? Each development influenced the American culture in many ways. The way we receive the news is very different today. Newspapers came a long way from just black and white to color. Before anything what we had was newspaper that is how one would get the facts regarding what is going on in the world. With newspaper they do not get to see the vast aura of colors as television. The newspaper made people want to read what was written. For the television world was more in tuned to todays society. Television has the visual aspect and as for the news per say the electronic media has come full circle from radio to television. For print people did not have to rely on teachers, preachers, or story tellers. They were allowed to read what was published and interpret it how they seen it. The telegraph led to radio, fax machine, and phones. Instant communication is how print and electrical mass media influenced America. They are able to put more information out there along with visual aspects . What is ment by the term media convergence and how it affected everyday life? Media convergence is the merging of all the technology together. A merger of mass media. It affects us in many ways such as fax machines and e-mail. We as humans no longer have to hand write a letter any more when we have e-mail. We went from writing letters by hand to typing them on a type writer to writing an e-mail on computers to texting on phones. With the simple click of a button the letter is sent through millions of power lines to get to the person it is intended for. Media convergence is a link between old and new technologies. They come together to share the same tasks and resources. There are five kinds of convergences they are Economic, Organic, Cultural, Global, and Technological. a) Economic involves such things as internet, phone, and cable regarding the provider one chose for these services. b) Organic occurs when one can stream video listen to music and text a friend all at the same time. c) Cultural occurs when a person turns a book into a movie, film, and even toys such as Spiderman. d) Global occurs when the process of geographically distance cultures influencing one another despite the distance that physically separates them. e) Technological occurs when the merging of technologies come together, such as the ability to watch television shows online on sites like crackle. Conclusion In conclusion the media has changed in many ways, such as how one receives the news and communicates with one another. We have gone from the telegraph to radio, television, phones, and computers regarding how we receive information. It is completely up to the individual how one use the various forms of media technologies out there today. However, a few things have stayed the same major media companies own popular media content sites such as Hulu, and YouTube and control access to a great deal of online information. Perhaps the standards for literacy will shift to an emphasis on simplicity and directness.

Essay --

Throughout the Golden Age of Spain, art and literature were used to express the events of this transitional period in European history. Love is a centralized theme that often conveys subliminal messages about moral, social, and historical issues throughout a plotline. Within pieces of literature such as Fuenteovejuna, the definition of love is questioned in each of their own different contexts. How love is defined as either selfish or selfless in Fuenteovejuna determines what message Lope de Vega is presenting to the audience. Lope de Vega was an incredible and rebellious writer for the Golden Age time period. In this period of peace, prosperity, and overall well-being, many people of Spain found his writing techniques to be revolutionary. Contrary to the typical rules of playwriting, aspects of his plays included numerous plot lines, time gaps, and the use of more than one setting. Fuenteovejuna is a great example of the newly recognized tragicomedy genre during the Golden Age of Spain. Lope de Vega presented current events throughout his works displaying his personal opinions and components of his own life that made him a revolutionary writer. His work inspired other writers to step outside the social norms of writing and produce other revolutionary pieces throughout history. The Golden Age population believed that love was godly and a strong mechanical force driving the universe in a continuous circle. This idea is clearly evident in Lope’s tragicomedy Fuenteovejuna. He uses this and other beliefs to persuade and justify to the reader a sense that love is responsible for the order in the world. Lope de Vega portrays events relating to greed, envy, and ambition. The outcomes of these events bring disharmony, represented as s... ...due to his elite background, but proves that he lacks honor compared to the townspeople due to the way he improperly uses his power. To conclude, Lope de Vega uses specific events to display the cyclic transition from selfish to unselfish love. The havoc from killing the Comendador is resolved from the town’s joint efforts of selfless acts out of love for Fuenteovejuna. In this play Lope de Vega demonstrates how characters handle these two types of love in context in order to reach out to bigger issues. The author’s revolutionary style of writing shows the use of a theme in order to address the larger picture. Fuenteovejuna is a perfect example of multiple events coming together through the connection of love. The writing style of the play expresses Lope de Vega’s feelings of love related to moral, social, and historical issues throughout the Golden Age of Spain.

Anti African American Racism

The end of the civil war with the surrender of the Confederate forces in 1965 brought an end to the institution of slavery. However the white majority of the South was unwilling to grant African-Americans the full rights of citizenship. Many African-Americans decided to move from the rural areas of the South, to the urban areas, especially those of the North, where they expected to find a more egalitarian social order. However a sudden increase in the African American population of cities exacerbated racial tensions.Riots, lynching and racist legislation by local and state governments became commonplace. From the 1890's to the 1920's, the United States underwent a dark period of racist violence and hatred in what has been termed the â€Å"nadir of race relations in America†. Disenfranchisement of Blacks Many of the influential whites of the South believed that denying all political power from African-Americans was crucial in order to maintain their economic superiority. Southe rn states and local governments continually aimed to undermine federal laws that guaranteed voting rights to African-Americans.A Mississippian writing to the Chicago Inter Ocean newspaper said: â€Å"It is a question of political economy which the people of the North can not realize nor understand and which they have no right to discuss as they have no power to determine. If the Negro is permitted to engage in politics his usefulness as a laborer is at an end. He can no longer be controlled or utilized. The South has to deal with him as an industrial and economic factor and is forced to assert its control over him in sheer self-defense. † (Love, 2009)African-Americans were in the majority in the Southern states of Mississippi, Louisiana and South Carolina, in several other states they formed a sizeable minority. The dominant white minority in those states fought the hardest to deny African-Americans their right to vote under one pretext or another. The mechanisms for denying African-Americans their voting rights were many, some were legal and others extra-legal. Legal artifices for denying African-Americans the vote included the levying of taxes and the requirements of passing certain tests (Klarman, 2004).Poll Taxes Several Southern states made payment of a poll tax; a fixed amount of money levied upon each person, a requirement for voting. State laws often required the payment of the tax, month before the election. Voters who fell behind in payment of the tax were denied the vote unless they paid all the cumulative tax they owed at once. As a result thousands of African-Americans, who were largely poor and lower class whites were disenfranchised (Love, 2009). English Literacy/Comprehension RequirementsSeveral states passed legislation requiring voters to be able to read and write in English, most African-Americans, poor whites and recent immigrants were disenfranchised through these laws. Other tests included oral comprehension tests, one such test, e nacted by the state of Mississippi, required voters to be able to understand parts of the state’s constitution. These tests were often administered in an unfair and arbitrary manner by local voting registrars who had absolute power to declare whoever they wished competent or incompetent to vote in the elections (Love, 2009).In order to prevent the disenfranchisement of their white supporters, white people were often exempted from the requirement of passing literacy/comprehension tests or paying poll taxes, this was done through the use of ‘Grandfather Clauses’ which automatically granted voting rights to a person whose grandfather had the right to vote. The enactment of the ‘grandfather clauses’ allowed poor whites to vote but blocked first or second generation freedmen (Logan, 1957). Residency RequirementsMany urbanized states, frightened by the appearance of large numbers of African-American immigrants from the rural South, enacted legislation requ iring voters to establish their residence in the state for an extended period of time before they were allowed to vote in the elections (Love, 2009). In order to prove an extended period of residency, voters had to show their tax records or other documents which necessitated at least some literacy, so the residency requirements worked much the same way as literacy tests (Logan, 1957).Printed Ballots The introduction of the modern printed ‘Australian’ ballot proved to be an impediment to the enfranchisement of African-Americans. Prior to its introduction, each political party printed its own ballots. Party workers would enter the polling stations with their own ballot papers which they would hand to their supporters. The handing out of the new ballots to voters was put in the hands of government officials, mostly linked to the Democratic Party and hostile to African-Americans.The ballot itself presented great difficulty to illiterate people, who were unable to correctly select the party of their choice and made mistakes which led to their votes being rejected (Love, 2009). White Primaries The voting rights laws were aimed primarily toward the national and local government elections. It was argued that political parties, not being government agencies were not required to extend the right to vote in their primary elections to African-Americans. The state of Texas, for example, passed legislation in 1923, forbidding blacks from voting in Democratic primaries.Since the Democratic Party had a virtual monopoly on the government in many Southern states, blocking African-Americans from the primary had, in real terms, the same effect as blocking them from national elections (Love, 2009). Bullying and Violence In addition to the legal artifices, several extra-legal methods were adopted in order to prevent African-Americans from voting. These included physical violence and threats of physical violence to induce African-Americans to stay away from the polling booths. Several white militias existed which had their roots in the former Confederate army.These militias often engaged in violence during election days. Republicans sought to counter the threat of violence by extending the voting time to several days and by seeking to allow voters to vote at any polling station within a precinct, while Southern Democrats would often seek to restrict the window of time available for voting and the location for casting a vote in order to increase the threat of violence in the minds of the African-American voters (Logan, 1957). The end result of all these legal and illegal tactics to prevent African-Americans from voting was that African-American voting numbers dropped sharply.In the state of Arkansas, for example, the voting participation rate for African-American voters dropped from over two-thirds to around one-third (Klarman, 2004). Segregation of Housing Several states and counties passed legislation preventing African-Americans from residing in certain localities which were deemed to be the exclusive preserve of Whites. In the famous Buchanan v. Warley (1917) case, the United States Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutional a city ordinance in Louisville Kentucky which enforced racial zoning of residential areas (Klarman, 2004).Even after residential segregation was deemed unconstitutional, the use of restrictive covenants prevented African-Americans from residing in several areas, the property owners of a location would simply refuse to sell or rent out their properties to African Americans (Logan, 1957). In other areas the threat of violence and harassment from the public and the police kept African-Americans out. Many small towns had unwritten rules, commonly termed the â€Å"Sunset Laws† which required all African-Americans to leave the town before sunset (Mann, 1993).Segregation of Schools Traditionally, it was common for there to be separate school facilities for African-American children, these schools w ere frequently underfunded and lacking in the facilities given to schools for white children. Educationally ambitious African-American parents would often seek to enroll their children in normal schools and not school built especially for African-American children, sometimes they would encounter sympathetic school administrators who would agree to enroll their children (Klarman, 2004).Many white parents did not want their children to interact with African-American children. In many localities laws were passed to prevent white and black children from studying in the same schools. The Kentucky legislature passed such a law in 1904, titled â€Å"An Act to prohibit white and colored persons from attending the same school. † Kentucky Democrat Carl Day, who introduced the legislation, justified it on the grounds that it would prevent the white children of Kentucky from being ‘contaminated' (Klarman, 2004).Segregation of the Means of Transport African-Americans were often prev ented from travelling in the better compartments of railway cars, in many localities segregation of White and Black passengers was made compulsory under law. Louisiana’s Act 111 passed in 1890 mandated separate accommodation for Blacks on railway cars. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the constitutionality of this law encouraging other states to enact similar laws (Klarman, 2004). Anti Miscegenation LegislationA large number of White people, feared the wished to ‘preserve the purity of the White race' by putting an end to racial mixing between Whites and all other races. Several localities instituted laws forbidding marriage. In the 1883 Pace v. Alabama case, the US Supreme Court upheld the Alabama laws against racial mixing as constitutionally valid (Spiro, 2008). In 1924, Virginia passed a comprehensive anti-miscegenation law called the Virginia Racial Integrity Act which defined a person as non-White even if a single great-gr andparent was non-White and classified intermarriage between Whites and non-Whites as a felony (Hashaw, 2007).A Maryland law imposed a sentence ranging from 18 months to 5 years in prison on a White woman who got pregnant as a result of ‘fornication with a negro' (Hashaw, 2007). Anti-miscegenation laws were enacted in most states at one time or another (Spiro, 2008). Anti-Black Rioting With the arrival of large numbers of unskilled African-American workers from the rural south, the supply of laborers often greatly exceeded the demand. Lower class urban Whites faced a new challenge in the form of the newly arrived African-Americans and other immigrants, who were often willing to work for smaller wages (Takaki, 1993).This conflict produced a number of violent, destructive and deadly riots throughout the cities of the United States. The White rioters would target not only the Black workers but also attack the white businesses and homes where Blacks found employment. In the 1908 r iots in Springfield Illinois, the Mayor received threatening letters demanding that he fire all Black policemen, firemen and janitors, several local businesses reported receiving letters threatening that their properties would be set on fire if they did not fire all Black employees or stop doing business with Blacks (De la Roche, 2008).Racism and White Identity During the years following the reconstruction, many European immigrant communities formerly rejected due to their religion or national origins were accepted into the fold of the White majority as a result of their joining the anti-Black cause. One such community were the Catholic German Immigrants to the South. Many German Catholics had volunteered to join the Union out of a disgust at the institution of slavery (Strickland, 2008). The Germans also had considerably less prejudice against intermarrying with Blacks and several such marriages have been recorded (Strickland, 2008).Prior to the Civil War, one of the reasons the Ge rman immigrants were regarded with distrust by the majority community was due to their practice of trading with Black slaves and selling them alcohol. However in the aftermath of the Reconstruction, the German Immigrant found that the best way to get accepted into the White majority was to adopt White supremacist and anti-Black rhetoric (Strickland, 2008). Lynching Despite their emancipation from slavery, the White majority expected Blacks to behave in subservient and deferential manner toward them.Any perceived lack of respect on the part of African-Americans would be met with violence. Often White mobs would attack Blacks who dared to try to vote or to own and farm their own land (Klarman, 2004). About a third of the lynchings were carried out against Black men accused of being insufficiently respectful or sexually expressive toward White woman or were alleged to have raped a White woman. The fear of Black males sexually assaulting White females reached had assumed the form of mas s hysteria (Dorr, 2004). Racist Militias and the Klu Klux KlanThe withdrawal of most of the troops from the South at the end of the reconstruction era allowed confederate veterans to form terrorist militias and engage in anti-Black violent activities. The most famous of these militias was the Klu Klux Klan which was aggressively prosecuted and suppressed by the Federal government in the 1870’s, other militias included the White League and the Redshirts. In the mid 1910’s a new surge in militia violence occurred, the Klu Klux Klan was reformed in 1915 and at the height of its popularity in the 1920’s claimed nearly 5 million members (Turner & Williams, 1982).The 1890’s – 1920’s era was a horrible period in American History. Anti-Black sentiment faded as anti-Nazi sentiment grew, and much of the ‘scientific racism’ that was used to justify anti African-American policies came to be associated with Hitler and Nazism. The full-fledge d participation of African Americans in the two world wars led to the desegregation of the military in 1948 which paved the way for the later general desegregation of society. References De la Roche, R. S. (2008). In Lincoln's Shadow: The 1908 Race Riot in Springfield, Illinois (2nd ed. ). Carbondale, IL: SIU Press. Dorr, L. L. (2004).White women, rape, and the power of race in Virginia, 1900-1960 (2nd Edition ed. ). Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. Hashaw, T. (2007). Children of Perdition: Melungeons and the Struggle of Mixed America. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. Klarman, M. J. (2004). From Jim Crow to civil rights: the Supreme Court and the struggle for racial equality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, US. Logan, R. W. (1957). The Negro in the United States: a brief history. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co. Love, L. J. (2009). The Disfranchisement of the Negro. Charleston, SC: BiblioLife. Mann, C. R. (1993).Unequal justice: a question of colo r (2nd Edition ed. ). Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Spiro, J. P. (2008). Defending the master race: conservation, eugenics, and the legacy of Madison Grant. Lebanon, NH: UPNE. Strickland, J. (2008). How the Germans Became White Southerners: German Immigrants and African Americans in Charleston, South Carolina, 1860-1880. Journal of American Ethnic History , 52-69. Takaki, R. (1993). A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. Turner, J. J. , & Williams, R. (1982). The Ku Klux Klan, a history of racism and violence. Allentown, PA: Klanwatch.

American Dream Then and Now - 760 Words

The American Dream then and now Imagine you are one of the early settlers in America. You left Europe, a world full of religious persecution, political oppression and poverty behind you. You have dreams like: - Personal freedom, self-fulfillment, dignity and happiness, - Economic things, like prosperity and success - Rising from poverty to fame and fortune (from rags to riches) - Social dreams of equality and a classless society - Religious dreams of religious freedom in a â€Å"promised land† in which they were God ´s chosen people - Political dream of democracy It ´s in the soul of Americans and it is reflected in basic beliefs and values. Some of important foundation stones are - The Declaration of Independence in 1776. It ´s†¦show more content†¦It was one of the worst mass shooting in U.S. history. According to the character of America: Individualism, freedom and personal responsibility, a lot of Americans would say, that’s important to have guns. Like â€Å"defense yourself if you have to† It ´s like you take the Alcohol out of Germans society. Germans without Beer. But this problem is a much bigger than alcohol because it takes a lot of human lives and it ´s a problem of basics in many American minds. The gun lobby wants to prepare schools with armed teacher and security guys. Obama wants stricter laws, but whether he really achieves it, it’s a matter of how Americans think over themselves and their dreams and how strong the gun lobby really is. What do you think is it possible for Obama to strict gun laws in America, according to the actually AmericanShow MoreRelatedEssay on The American Dream: More Difficult Now than Ever1102 Words   |  5 PagesMany people have their own American Dream which has become their driving force and center of their life. However, not everyone can achieve their American Dream; it depends on many factors, such as income inequality, unstable social-welfare system, and different races. 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